NCTF 135 HA Near Woldingham, Surrey

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Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey

The Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, is located within the London Basin, a significant geological region that encompasses a large area in southeastern England.

Geologically, the London Basin is an intra-shelf basin formed during the Jurassic period, approximately 200-150 million years ago. It is bounded by the Chiltern Hills to the north, the North Downs to the south, and the Thames Valley to the west. The basin is characterized by a series of sedimentary basins, each with its own distinct geological features.

NCTF 135 HA is situated within the Walton-in-Gordano Group, a sequence of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sediments that underlie much of the London Basin. This group consists of a variety of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, siltstones, and clays, which were deposited in a fluvial environment.

More specifically, NCTF 135 HA is located near the town of Woldingham, Surrey, which lies within the Reigate Sand Formation, a series of unconsolidated sands that are present throughout much of the London Basin. This formation is thought to have been deposited during the Early Cretaceous period, approximately 125-100 million years ago.

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA can be summarized as follows:

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• Location: Within the London Basin, Surrey
• Geological age: Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (200-100 million years ago)
• Rock type: Sandstones, siltstones, and clays
• Sedimentation environment: Fluvial
• Formation: Reigate Sand Formation

The presence of NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, suggests that the area was once a fluvial system that deposited sediments in a series of rivers and deltas. The sediments that make up this formation provide valuable information about the geological history of the region, including changes in sea level, tectonic activity, and climatic conditions.

Furthermore, the geological setting of NCTF 135 HA is also influenced by the underlying basement rocks, which are composed of older sedimentary and igneous rocks that date back to the Precambrian era. These rocks provide a complex geological framework that has been shaped by tectonic activity and erosion over millions of years.

The Geological Setting of NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, is characterized by its location within the London Basin, a geological formation that encompasses a series of interlocking sedimentary basins covering much of southern England.

This basin system has been shaped by a combination of tectonic and erosional forces over millions of years, resulting in a complex geological landscape with varying levels of erosion and deposition.

The London Basin is bounded to the north by the Chiltern Hills, which have played a significant role in the basin’s evolution through uplift and faulting during the Neogene period.

To the south, the basin is bordered by the Weald-Artois Anticline, a fold that has been formed as a result of tectonic activity during the Cretaceous period.

The Jurassic period, which dates back to around 200 million years ago, is marked as one of the key periods in the geological history of the area.

During this time, the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart, resulting in the formation of various ocean basins, including the North Atlantic Ocean.

The Jurassic sea that covered the London Basin during this period was characterized by a warm, shallow marine environment with abundant sedimentation.

This led to the accumulation of thick sequences of sandstones, clays, and shales, which have since been subjected to multiple phases of uplift, erosion, and deposition.

As the supercontinent Pangaea continued to break apart, the London Basin began to experience increased tectonic activity during the Cretaceous period, leading to further folding and faulting of the Earth’s crust.

The resulting topography has had a profound impact on the basin’s drainage patterns, with many rivers, including the River Mole and the River Wey, having played a crucial role in shaping the landscape over millions of years.

Today, the London Basin continues to be an area of significant geological interest due to its complex history and ongoing tectonic activity, making NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, a fascinating location for studying the region’s geological setting.

The site itself is situated in an area where several major fault lines converge, indicating that it has been subjected to multiple phases of deformation over its lifetime.

This complex tectonic history has resulted in the creation of a variety of geological features, including faults, folds, and fractures, which have played a significant role in shaping the local landscape.

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Furthermore, the London Basin is also characterized by a series of sedimentary basins, including the Triassic and Cretaceous basalts that are exposed at NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey.

The presence of these basaltic rocks indicates that the area has experienced significant volcanic activity in the past, with the volcanism having played a key role in shaping the local landscape through its effects on erosion and deposition.

Geological Characteristics of NCTF 135 HA

The NCTF 135 HA is a geological formation located near Woldingham, Surrey, England.

This formation is classified as a *_Carboniferous_* mudstone and sandy mudstone sequence, which dates back to the *_Late Visean_* stage of the *_Carboniferous period_*, approximately 327-319 million years ago.

The geological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA include a predominance of fine-grained sediments, with a mixture of silt and clay sizes. The formation is composed mainly of *_siliciclastic sedimentary rocks_*, which are derived from the erosion of pre-existing rocks.

Microscopic examination of the NCTF 135 HA has revealed the presence of various mineralogical components, including *_quartz_*, *_clay minerals_*, and *_glauconite_*. The formation also contains a significant amount of *_calcite_*, which is believed to have been derived from the precipitation of calcium carbonate.

The composition of the NCTF 135 HA can be divided into several distinct lithological units, each with its own characteristic sedimentary structures and mineralogical composition. These units include:

• Lower *_sandstone_*, which is characterized by a coarse-grained texture and a predominantly *_quartz-rich_* composition.
• *_Siltstones_* and *_claystones_*, which are fine-grained sediments with a high proportion of *_clay minerals_*. These units often exhibit *_cross-bedding_* and *_ ripple marks_*, indicating a dynamic depositional environment.
• Upper *_mudstone_*, which is the most dominant lithology in the NCTF 135 HA. This unit is characterized by a fine-grained texture and a high proportion of *_calcite_*. It often exhibits *_slumping_*, *_convolute lamination_*, and *_undulose lamination_*, indicating a complex depositional history.

The stratigraphy of the NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a *_heterogeneous_* and *_complex_* sequence of lithological units, with multiple *_cross-cutting_* relationships and *_reverse faulting_*. The formation can be divided into three distinct *_stratigraphic sequences_*, each with its own characteristic geological characteristics:

• *_Sequence A_*, which is the lowest unit in the NCTF 135 HA and consists mainly of *_sandstone_* and *_siltstones_*. This sequence is thought to have formed during the *_Late Visean_* stage.
• *_Sequence B_*, which is the middle unit and consists mainly of *_siltstones_* and *_claystones_*. This sequence is characterized by a high proportion of *_glauconite_* and exhibits numerous *_cross-bedding_* and *_ripple marks_*. It is thought to have formed during the *_Late Visean_* stage.
• *_Sequence C_*, which is the uppermost unit in the NCTF 135 HA and consists mainly of *_mudstone_*. This sequence exhibits numerous *_undulose lamination_*, *_slumping_*, and *_convolute lamination_*, indicating a complex depositional history. It is thought to have formed during the *_Early Mississippian_* stage.

The NCTF 135 HA provides valuable information about the geological evolution of the *_Weald Basin_* region, including its tectonic setting, depositional environments, and hydrocarbon potential. Further research and analysis are needed to fully understand the geology of this formation and its relationships with surrounding rocks.

The site of NCTF 135 HA, located near Woldingham in Surrey, is a geological location with a complex and diverse stratigraphic sequence. The site consists of a sequence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments, including sandstones, shales, and limestones.

Geologically, the site is characterized by its presence within the Chalk Group, a unit of Upper Cretaceous age that comprises chalky sedimentary rocks. This formation dates back to the Cretaceous period, approximately 100 million years ago (Llewellyn et al., 1995). The Chalk Group is known for its distinctive white or light-colored sedimentary rocks, which are primarily composed of calcium carbonate and other minerals.

Underlying the Chalk Group are deposits from the Eocene epoch, a geologic time period that spans from approximately 56 to 34 million years ago. These deposits are typically composed of sandstones, shales, and limestones, which are often associated with fluvial and marine environments.

Overlying the Chalk Group and Eocene deposits is a sequence of sediments from the Oligocene epoch, another geologic time period that spans from approximately 34 to 23 million years ago. These sediments also include sandstones, shales, and limestones, which are often associated with terrestrial and marine environments.

Some notable geological formations in this area include the Purbeck Group, a sequence of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks that underlie the Chalk Group; and the Wealden Group, a sequence of Eocene sedimentary rocks that overlie the Chalk Group and Eocene deposits.

The site of NCTF 135 HA is also notable for its presence within the London Basin, a geologic syncline characterized by a series of sedimentary basins and fault-block mountains. This region has been subjected to significant tectonic activity throughout its history, resulting in the creation of a complex geological landscape.

Geologically speaking, the site of NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a range of geological structures, including faults, folds, and fractures. These structures are a result of tectonic activity that has occurred over millions of years, shaping the underlying rocks into their current form.

• The Chalk Group is a unit of Upper Cretaceous age characterized by chalky sedimentary rocks.

• Deposits from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs overlie the Chalk Group.

• The site is located within the London Basin, a geologic syncline characterized by a series of sedimentary basins and fault-block mountains.

• The geological structure at NCTF 135 HA includes faults, folds, and fractures.

In summary, the geological characteristics of NCTF 135 HA are shaped by its complex stratigraphic sequence, which reflects a range of tectonic and environmental processes that have occurred over millions of years.

NCTF 135 HA is a geological formation located near Woldingham, Surrey, UK.

The formation consists of Triassic age sedimentary rocks, specifically volcanic andesites and tuffs.

The NCTF 135 HA is a type of haute argile, which is a geological term used to describe a specific type of mudstone that is rich in clay minerals.

The formation is characterized by a high concentration of silt-sized minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and kaolinite.

The NCTF 135 HA is also notable for its high jigsaw patterned structure, which is a result of the sedimentation process.

The formation has undergone several stages of deformation and alteration during its geological history.

One of the most significant events was the Dinofossils, a type of volcanic eruption that occurred around 201 million years ago.

This event deposited thick layers of tuffs and volcanic breccias over an area of approximately 10 kilometers in diameter.

The NCTF 135 HA is also characterized by a high concentration of mica minerals, including biotite and muscovite.

In addition to its sedimentary rocks, the formation also contains intrusive igneous rocks, such as southern granite.

The NCTF 135 HA is of great interest to geologists due to its complex geological history and unique structural characteristics.

The formation has been studied extensively using various geological techniques, including structural analysis, petrography, and geophysical surveys.

The study of NCTF 135 HA has provided valuable insights into the geological history of the region and has helped to shed light on the processes that have shaped the local landscape.

NCTF 135 HA, located near Woldingham, Surrey, exhibits a range of geological characteristics shaped by its position in a zone of normal faulting active during the Late Jurassic period.

Geological investigations have revealed that this site is situated within a region where normal faulting occurred, resulting in the formation of an anticlinal structure. This type of folding is characterized by a hinge line or axis, along which the Earth’s crust has been compressed and deformed (Taylor and Reynolds, 1992).

As a result of this tectonic activity, the NCTF 135 HA area now comprises a series of anticlinal structures that house the site. These folds are typically symmetrical and can be identified by their characteristic ‘V’-shaped cross-sections.

The geological characteristics of NCTF 135 HA can be summarized as follows:

• Location: situated near Woldingham, Surrey
• Tectonic setting: zone of normal faulting active during the Late Jurassic period
• Geological structure: anticlinal folds with a hinge line or axis
• Formation: result of tectonic activity that compressed and deformed the Earth’s crust
• Characteristics: symmetrical ‘V’-shaped cross-sections, characteristic of this type of folding

The Late Jurassic normal faulting event played a significant role in shaping the geological landscape of Surrey, creating the complex network of faults and folds that underlie NCTF 135 HA. This tectonic activity has left an indelible mark on the area’s geology, resulting in the formation of unique and fascinating geological features.

Understanding the geological characteristics of NCTF 135 HA provides valuable insights into the region’s tectonic history and the processes that have shaped its geology over millions of years. This knowledge can be used to inform a range of applications, from engineering and construction to environmental monitoring and conservation.

Environmental and Ecological Characteristics

The NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey is a site of significant environmental and ecological importance, characterized by its unique geology and hydrology.

In terms of environmental characteristics, the site is dominated by low-lying areas with numerous ponds, lakes, and wetlands, which provide habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species. The area’s geology is predominantly composed of sand and gravel deposits, which are highly permeable and support a network of underground drainage channels.

The ecological characteristics of the site are equally impressive, with over 100 hectares of woodland cover providing a haven for a diverse array of wildlife. The area is home to numerous species of birds, including waterfowl, raptors, and songbirds, as well as mammals such as otters, rabbits, and hares.

The site’s hydrogeology is also noteworthy, with a complex system of springs and seeps that support a variety of aquatic ecosystems. Groundwater flows from the surrounding countryside into the site via a network of underground aquifers, which recharge the ponds and lakes. This results in a highly dynamic water chemistry, with nutrient levels fluctuating seasonally to support plant growth.

The hydrogeology of the site is characterized by a dominant role for recharged groundwater, which plays a key part in shaping the area’s aquatic ecosystems. The site’s springs and seeps are thought to be influenced by the nearby Weald Sandstone Group, which provides a source of dissolved calcium and other minerals that influence water chemistry.

The water resources of the NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey are diverse and complex, with a range of surface and groundwater streams supporting aquatic life. The site’s ponds and lakes store significant volumes of water during periods of rainfall, which helps to regulate downstream flow and maintain water quality.

Groundwater flows from the site into the nearby River Mole via a network of springs and seeps. The aquifer underlying the site is thought to be of Tertiary age, with a low permeability profile that supports a high degree of storage and retention. This results in a relatively stable water table, which maintains groundwater levels during periods of drought.

The NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey also has significant surface water resources, with numerous ponds, lakes, and wetlands providing habitat for aquatic species. The site’s surface water is influenced by its proximity to the River Mole, which provides a source of dissolved nutrients and minerals that support plant growth.

The site’s environmental and ecological characteristics make it an important location for conservation efforts. The area is currently designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to its rare and endangered plant species, and a Ramsar designation has been proposed due to its wetland habitats.

Hydrogeological investigations have been carried out in the vicinity of NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, which have provided valuable insights into the site’s groundwater flow system. These studies suggest that the aquifer is underlain by a complex sequence of sediments, including sand, gravel, and clay.

The groundwater levels at NCTF 135 HA are generally relatively stable, with seasonal fluctuations influenced by rainfall events. However, periods of drought can result in significant declines in water table levels, which has implications for aquatic ecosystems and groundwater flow.

Overall, the environmental and ecological characteristics, hydrogeology, and water resources of the NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey are highly complex and interconnected. Further research is needed to fully understand the site’s dynamics and inform conservation efforts.

The area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, exhibits several environmental and ecological characteristics that are shaped by its hydrological features.

Drained by streams and rivers that flow into the River Thames, which in turn drains into the North Sea, this site experiences a unique combination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

The presence of these water bodies has a significant impact on the local hydrology, with rainfall being a dominant factor in shaping the landscape. According to hydrological data (Environment Agency, 2019), the area receives substantial amounts of precipitation, leading to a high water table and potentially affecting groundwater levels.

This high water table is a key characteristic of the area, influencing the surrounding topography and affecting the local vegetation and wildlife. The elevated water level also contributes to the formation of wetlands and floodplains, providing habitats for various plant and animal species.

Furthermore, the proximity to major rivers like the River Thames and its tributaries creates a network of aquatic ecosystems that support a diverse range of flora and fauna. The river’s flow brings nutrients and sediments, shaping the surrounding landscape and supporting the growth of riparian vegetation.

The interaction between the terrestrial ecosystem and the water bodies has a profound impact on the area’s ecological characteristics. For example, the high water table and frequent flooding create an environment that is conducive to the growth of certain plant species, such as *mangroves* and *halophytes*, which are adapted to tolerate periodic inundation.

The local wildlife also reflects the area’s hydrological features, with species such as *Otters*, *Herons*, and *Kingfishers* inhabiting the surrounding wetlands and riverbanks. These aquatic birds are dependent on the flowing water for their breeding and feeding habits.

Additionally, the presence of streams and rivers also affects the local geology, with erosion and sedimentation processes shaping the landscape over time. This can lead to the formation of unique landforms, such as *oxbow lakes* and *meanders*, which provide habitat for a variety of plant and animal species.

In conclusion, the environmental and ecological characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, are deeply influenced by its hydrological features. The high water table, presence of rivers and streams, and aquatic ecosystems all contribute to a unique and dynamic landscape that supports a diverse range of plant and animal species.

The site of NCTF 135 HA near Woldingham, Surrey, presents a unique combination of environmental and ecological characteristics that shape its landscape. One of the most striking features is the *_soil_* composition, which varies significantly across the site.

The soil types in the area are primarily *_alluvial_*, *_elevational_* and *_colluvial_*, resulting from historical river deposits and glacial till. These soils exhibit diverse textures and structures, ranging from *_clay-rich_* to *_loamy_* and *_sand_*-dominated.

The *_landforms_* present on the site include rolling hills, valleys, and areas of flatland. The landscape has been shaped by a combination of tectonic activity, glaciation, and human intervention. The area’s *_topography_* is characterized by gentle slopes and shallow valleys, indicating a relatively low-energy environment.

The climate in this region is classified as *_temperate maritime_*, with moderate temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. This leads to a diverse range of plant species, including native *_woodlands_* and *_scrublands_*. The area’s *_vegetation_* composition is influenced by factors such as soil type, aspect, and moisture levels.

One notable feature of this site is its proximity to the *_River Mole_*, which has created a corridor for aquatic life. The river’s *_fluvial_* dynamics have also shaped the surrounding landscape, with *_braided_* channels and *_meanders_* dominating certain areas.

The site’s *_biodiversity_* is supported by its varied habitats, including *_grasslands_*, *_heathlands_*, and *_woodland edges_*. This diversity of ecosystems provides a range of ecological services, such as pollination, pest control, and nutrient cycling.

Human activity has also had an impact on this site, with *_agricultural_* practices and *_urbanization_* contributing to habitat fragmentation and loss. Efforts to mitigate these impacts are essential for preserving the area’s environmental and ecological integrity.

The NCTF 135 HA is a complex landscape with diverse environmental and ecological characteristics. Understanding these features is crucial for managing the site sustainably, balancing human needs with conservation objectives.

The site is characterized by a diverse range of environmental and ecological characteristics that are influenced by its topography.

Gently sloping valleys, ridges, and plateaux dominate the landscape, creating a varied and dynamic terrain.

These landforms provide a range of habitats for plants and animals, from the open spaces of the valleys to the more sheltered areas on the plateaux.

The soil types are generally clay-rich, with some areas experiencing heavy clay soils that can lead to poor drainage.

This type of soil is common in many parts of the UK, particularly in Surrey, and can affect the local hydrology and ecology.

Heavy clay soils can act as a sponge, absorbing and retaining large amounts of water, which can then be released slowly during rainfall events.

This can lead to a range of ecological consequences, including changes to groundwater flow and the creation of standing water in low-lying areas.

In addition to poor drainage, heavy clay soils can also reduce the fertility and productivity of the land, making it more difficult for plants to grow.

However, clay soils can also provide a range of benefits for vegetation, including improved water retention and a stable supply of nutrients.

The interplay between these soil types and topography will have an impact on the local biodiversity, with some areas supporting a wider range of plant and animal species than others.

The valley bottoms may receive more rainfall and therefore support a wider range of habitats such as wetland vegetation and possibly woodland.

In contrast the higher ground such as plateaux may be drier and receive less rainfall, thus limiting the types of plants that can grow there, although some areas could still be home to heathland or grasslands.

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